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Ask The Wizard #182

Your webpage mentions that continuous shuffling machines lessen the house advantage in Blackjack. While I trust that you've proven this mathematically, this finding seems to contradict the 'Floating Advantage' theory outlined in Chapter 6 of Don Schlesinger's work. Blackjack Attack Essentially, the 'Floating Advantage' principle suggests that the house edge diminishes as more decks are taken out of the game, irrespective of the true count. I find it perplexing that the house edge can be lower when cards are immediately replaced (using CSMs) and simultaneously when cards are played without replacement (as with shoes). Could you provide your thoughts on this matter?

Mark from Mississauga

I sincerely hope you appreciate the effort; I dedicated two days to running simulations to tackle this question. To summarize for others, the Cut-Card Effect claims that a game with continuous shuffling has a lower house edge compared to a game where a cut card is used, assuming all other factors are constant. The 'Floating Advantage' asserts that for a card counter, the odds improve the more the dealer goes through the decks or shoes. Stanford Wong notes that, 'Once we have counted down to n decks remaining, the edge when the count is zero is quite similar to starting with n decks.' - Blackjack Attack, third edition, page 71. Thus, in a scenario with six decks where one deck remains, at a zero count, the house edge would be nearly identical to that of a single-deck game under the same rules.

Regrettably, the Floating Advantage does not aid those who do not count cards. Although they may inadvertently benefit at nearly neutral true counts, they perform worse at both high and low counts. Schlesinger states, 'It appears that at the one-deck level, very high counts yield a lower edge than expected for the standard strategist (often resulting in pushes), and severely negative counts are even more detrimental than previously assumed (doubles, splits, and stands can be disastrous).' - Blackjack Attack, third edition, page 70.

From my perspective, the reason that counters benefit from the Floating Advantage, whether consciously aware of it or not, is that they place larger bets when the Floating Advantage supports their position and smaller bets when it does not. Conversely, a non-counter, who lacks awareness of when the Floating Advantage is at its strongest, will find that the upsides and downsides cancel each other out.

In summary, both the Cut-Card Effect and Floating Advantage are separate issues and do not contradict one another. Comparing them is akin to comparing apples to oranges. For further insights, please refer to chapter 6 in Blackjack Attack by Don Schlesinger.

Thanks for teaching me Pai Gow Tiles I had a very profitable experience during my last trip to Las Vegas. A question that arises is that in numerous casinos, the betting limit is set at $25. When winning, some locations impose a house vig of $1 on a $25 bet, which is 4%, as opposed to the usual 5%, because they do not utilize quarters. Does this influence the house edge if you maintain a consistent betting amount or only wager odd amounts?

John from Raleigh, NC

You’re welcome! That game was quite complex to explain. The table below illustrates the difference in house edge observed in both scenarios, assuming that both the player and the dealer adhere to the same house rules.

House Edge in Pai Gow

Event 5% Comm. 4% Comm. Difference
Player 0.023896 0.020811 -0.003085
Banker 0.007377 0.004207 -0.00317

Certain online casinos, such as Bodog, offer payouts of 9 to 1 for tie bets in baccarat. What is the associated house edge for a tie bet under this 9 to 1 payout?

Bryan from Mill Valley

Yes, Bodog Does indeed provide a payout of 9 to 1 on tie bets. When using eight decks, this modifies the house edge from 14.360% to 4.844%.

Do you have a practical guideline for a non-card counter playing basic strategy to determine when to leave the blackjack table? Naturally, everyone wishes to walk away with a profit, but how much profit is sufficient? Is there also a recommended point to leave when you're at a loss?

Scott from Chicago

For leisure gambling, my personal rule is to get up when the fun quotient diminishes.

I have two inquiries: 1) What is the probability of rolling six sixes simultaneously with six 6-sided dice? 2) What is the probability of rolling a sequence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 at once with six 6-sided dice? Thank you! This is driving me mad!

Heather from Petaluma

The probability of six sixes is (1/6)6= 1 in 46656. The probability of rolling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 with six dice is 6. ! /66= 1 in 64.8

Spirit Mountain Casino in Grand Ronde, Oregon, has recently introduced a side bet called 'Field Gold 21.' This bet resolves prior to the start of the rest of the hand and is based on the first two cards dealt to a player. The side bet can range from 1 to 25 dollars, and here is the corresponding pay table.

  • Ace, Jack Suited = 25 - 1
  • 2 Aces = 10 - 1
  • 3 or 4 Total = 3 - 1
  • 9 or 10 Total = 2 - 1
  • 11 or 12 Total = 1 - 1
  • Any Blackjack = 3 - 2

In this game, aces always count as 1, while tens and face cards are valued at 10. What is the house advantage in this scenario? If I am tracking my aces and fives, is there a positive count where the remaining possible aces turn the bet into a solid proposition? Would counting the remaining aces and dividing that by the leftover decks yield better results?

Stan from Beaverton, Oregon

You did not specify the number of decks, but if we assume there are six, then the house edge is approximately 5.66%. Here is the return table for your reference.

Field of Gold — Six Decks

Event Pays Permutations Probability Return
Ace/jack suited 25 144 0.002968 0.074202
Two aces 10 276 0.005689 0.056888
3 or 4 total 3 1428 0.029434 0.088301
9 or 10 total 2 4884 0.100668 0.201336
Any other blackjack 1.5 2160 0.044521 0.066782
11 to 12 total 1 6612 0.136285 0.136285
All other -1 33012 0.680435 -0.680435
Total 48516 1 -0.056641

Upon casual observation, I would suggest tracking aces as the most beneficial card and making bets in a deck rich in aces. My recommendation is to consider aces as -12 and all other cards as +1.

I work as a pit supervisor at a local casino, and recently experienced a dealer giving two players two seven of clubs each while the dealer received the last seven of clubs as his face-up card in a five-deck shoe. What are the odds of drawing five identical cards in order from a five-deck shoe?

Jesse from Scottsdale

That probability would be 52/ combin (260,5) = 5/9525431552 = 1 in 1,905,086,310.

I'm heading to Las Vegas next weekend and enjoy playing $5 blackjack & Let It Ride at the tables. Will I have any luck finding an available $5 table over the weekend, or should I plan on having more funds than usual with me? If $5 tables are scarce, where are the best locations to find them?

Kathy from Hitchcock

Finding a $5 blackjack table on the Strip during the weekend will be quite challenging. You might need to settle for a more budget-friendly casino like the Riviera, Sahara, Frontier, or Circus Circus. However, it will be significantly easier to find such tables downtown. Meanwhile, Let It Ride is becoming increasingly rare, but if available, the minimum unit is typically $5.

Pennsylvania has recently authorized the establishment of 'slot parlors.' They are advertising electronic versions of blackjack and baccarat. Do you know if these electronic table game formats offer the same odds and payouts as traditional live games that rely on genuinely random cards? Or are they programmed with distinct payout percentages similar to slot machines?

Kevin from Philadelphia

In Nevada, there is a state law mandating that electronic card representations must provide the same probabilities as those presented by a human dealer. To operate in Nevada, a gaming manufacturer must comply with this regulation for every machine they produce anywhere in the world. Therefore, if they use well-known U.S. brands like IGT or Bally, I would expect the games to be fair. However, with lower-quality imports, I cannot provide any guarantees. As with any live game, it’s imperative to review the rules before playing. Most importantly, avoid games that offer even money on blackjack.

I recently inherited a carnival wheel from my great uncle, about a century old, and I'm trying to come up with a game featuring it. The wheel is numbered 1-60 in a random sequence, alternating between black and red, with a green star every fifteenth mark. Could you help me devise appropriate payout amounts for each spin?

Mike from Olympia

There are 30 black numbers, 30 red numbers, and 4 green. This would render the probabilities for black at 30/64, red at 30/64, and green at 4/64. For any probability, p, the fair odds would be calculated as (1-p)/p to 1. Thus, the fair odds for a red bet would be (34/64)/(30/64) = 34 to 30, which simplifies to 17 to 15. The same calculation applies to black. For the green, the fair odds are calculated as (60/64)/(4/64) = 60 to 4, which results in odds of 15 to 1. For an individual number, the fair odds would equal (63/64)/(1/64) resulting in 63 to 1.

I would recommend payouts of 1 to 1 for red and black bets, 14 to 1 for green, and 60 to 1 for any single number. One method to calculate the house edge is (t-a)/(t+1), where t represents the true odds and a reflects the actual odds. Here, the house edge for a red or black bet is (63-60)/(63+1) = 3/64, equating to 4.69%. In the case of a green bet, the house edge is (15-14)/(15+1) = 1/16, or 6.25%. Finally, for individual numbers, the house edge remains (63-60)/(63+1) = 3/64, about 4.69%.

When playing blackjack with a continuous shuffling system and five decks, do the winning odds differ compared to playing with just one or two decks?

Tom from Aurora, CO

For the benefit of other readers, my blackjack appendix 10 It reveals that the house edge in a five-deck game is reduced by 0.028% when using a continuous shuffler instead of a hand shuffle. The disparity between five decks and two decks, assuming all other rules remain the same, is 0.18%. Consequently, playing without a shuffler with two decks would be more advantageous. Let's analyze a five-deck continuous shuffler game against a four-deck hand-shuffled game. As my blackjack calculator illustrates, the difference in house edge between four decks and five decks is 0.0329%. Thus, the advantage of a continuous shuffler amounts to less than simply removing one deck.